Despite how much humans have in common, cultural differences are far more prevalent than cultural universals. Such attitudes are an example of ethnocentrism, or evaluating and judging another culture based on how it compares to one's own cultural norms. What is ethnocentrism and relativism compare and contrast? Cultural relativism and ethnocentrism are terms commonly used in sociological work. Ex. In the United Kingdom, holding hands is largely limited to couples who are romantically involved, and often suggests a sexual relationship. What is Ethnocentrism Evans, Tracy. In practice, cultural relativists try to promote the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures, such as eating insects and sacrificial killing.. Explaining that many Muslims interpret Quran verses about jihad in a psychological rather than militaristic sen. For example, a Westerner might find East Asians habit of eating with chopsticks a silly practice. I feel like its a lifeline. In other words, one must put himself or herself in the shoes of a person in that society to understand what shapes and drives his or her interpretation of religion, education, gender roles and other issues. When one believes this, they will typically judge others in a dehumanizing way, believing their culture to be "normal" and that other cultures should look upon theirs as the culture to embody and replicate. As you said, a culture only becomes "bad" when it affects the "in-group." It goes both wayswhat Americans may view as perfectly normal and "correct" may seem shameful to other cultures. It was because of this superiority stemming from ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as savage. should be selected. Ecological and Geographic Cultural Variation, Ethics in Cultural Psychological Research, Five Factor Model and Cross-Cultural Research, Cultural Considerations and Indigenous Personality, Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination, Cultural Considerations of Kohlbergs Theory, Cultural Alternatives to Moral Development, Psychological Reactions to Unfair Behavior, Challenges to Living in a Multicultural World. Ethnocentrism, however, can be problematic as it may lead to the dehumanization of other cultures by believing them to be morally corrupt, flawed, or savage. Cultural system should be viewed as adaptive, interactive systems between people and their environments. Ethnocentrism may take obvious forms, in which one . 1. - We could no longer say that custom of other societies are morally inferior to others. A common idiom. Soloman thinks this is morally wrong and savage, telling his classmate that no one should be in an arranged marriage. 485 lessons. It can also be used to ease tensions in an argument (e.g., everyone relax) or to indicate a degree of self-composure (e.g., Im calm). 54). . Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism both evaluate culture, which is the beliefs, attitudes, social norms and characteristics of a social group that people share over place and time. He refers to his own parents, who had what he claims to be a "normal" marriage where people choose one other, as an example of what marriage should look like. Ethnocentrists will believe their culture to hold "normal" standards when it comes to what they believe, what they practice, and the attitudes they hold about specific subject matters. Cultural relativism is the principle of regarding and valuing the practices of a culture from the point of view of that culture and to avoid making hasty judgments. Is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. Ethnocentrism stems from the notion that ones own culture is far superior to others. 1. Cultural relativism is not as strong, sometimes asserting that there is no real way to measure right or wrong. Ethnocentrism is the practice of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture (pg. Making errors is typically ok. Cultural Relativism does not appear to . Anthropology Field of Study: Overview & Subfields | What is Anthropology? Ethnocentrism means that we evaluate others from the viewpoint of our own culture being the "correct" way. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); It states that there are no universal beliefs, and each culture must be understood in its own terms, because cultures cannot be translated into terms which are accessible everywhere. Cultural Relativism vs Ethnocentrism. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Arthur Getis, Daniel Montello, Mark Bjelland, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal. Simply put, ethnocentrism is defined as "judging other groups from the perspective of one's own cultural point of view.". Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultural views are equally valid. You can think of a specific culture or you can provide more general questions that get to the heart of cultural relativism. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. This claim comes with several corollaries; namely, that different societies have different moral codes, there is no objective standard to judge how good or bad these moral codes are, and that the job of those who study cultures is not to compare these customs to their own, but to describe them. Some people will simply call it cultural ignorance. Why? ethno"centri"cal"ly, adv. Glendale Community College. DISCUSS THE IDEA THAT CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND CULTURAL ETHINOCENTRISM ARE TWO OPPOSING THEORIES. d. Based on your answers in (b) and (c), which interest deduction method would the company prefer? funeral tradition includes bringing bodies out from tombs once every seven years, wrapping them in cloth, and dancing with them. Nickerson, C. (2022, April 07). Unilateral Descent Overview & Variations | What is Bilateral Descent? Ethnocentrism leads to isolation in an increasingly diverse world. Ethnocentrism . Lumen Cultural Anthropology, Available here. Culture is the beliefs, values, social forms, and material traits of a particular social group. Each individual has a different perspective that is based on their upbringing, experiences, and personal thoughts; and, by embracing the many differences that people have, cooperation creates the potential for a stronger society. Cultural relativism has several different elements, and there is some disagreement as to what claims are true and pertinent to cultural relativism, and which are not. Take for example, the common practice of same-sex friends in India walking in public while holding hands. They do not judge this culture for what they eat but rather understand that there are differences in what they eat and appreciate those differences. Soloman is ethnocentric and believes his classmate's culture is inferior since his classmate's parents had an arranged marriage. Cultural relativism and the future of anthropology.Rereading cultural anthropology,124, 51.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_7',621,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_8',621,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1');.large-mobile-banner-1-multi-621{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Ethnocentrism revolves around the idea that one's culture is superior to others with regard to behavior, attitudes, or cultural practices that are deemed "normal" in comparison to other cultures. Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism. Tranquilo can be a command or suggestion encouraging another to calm down. Tilley, J. J. Here are the Marine Corps core values: Honor This is the bedrock of our character. Someone holding an extreme ethnocentrist view may see their own understanding of hand-holding as superior and consider the foreign practice to be immoral (Worthy, Lavigne, & Romero; 2021a).. These are simply two different ways of understanding the meaning of holding hands. Similarly, cultural relativism results in inferior view of other cultures and may even lead the anthropologists to believe that other cultures are backward and old-fashioned. Cultural relativism is a claim that anthropologists can make when describing how ethical practices differ across cultures; as a result, the truth or falsity of cultural relativism can be determined by how anthropologists and anthropologists study the world. Unlike most other theories, however, it has more anthropological significance than ethical. having no concept . 2. a tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own. Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context. Firstly, it is a system that promotes cooperation. Holism Theory & Overview | What is Holism in Anthropology? An example of ethnocentrism is believing that ones way of traditional dress, such as wearing headscarves and hijabs, is strange or bizarre. After several scuffles among them, finally the three big powers agreed to divide the region. This may be motivated, for example, by the belief that one's own race, ethnic, or cultural group is the most important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are opposite viewpoints of one subject, culture. According to Karanack (2013), cultural relativism attempts to integrate knowledge between one's own, culture-bound, reality. Ethnocentrism compares other cultures by using a group's specific culture as the basis of that comparison, believing theirs to be superior and the standard to be used in comparison to other cultures. . Moral relativists believe that, if a culture sincerely and reflectively adopts some basic moral principle, then it is morally obligatory for members of that culture to act according to that principle (Bowie, 2015).. What is Cultural Relativism Definition, Features3. ", However, it can do so while also excluding moral relativism. Tip: It can be helpful to have the definition of culture at the top, and then have two sections dividing ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Ethnocentrism is sometimes called cultural ignorance. Hasa has a BA degree in English, French and Translation studies. answer choices Cultural Trait measuring behavior by how it is regarded in the person's own culture. Cite this page as follows: "Compare and contrast ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Ethnocentrism, as sociologist William Graham Sumner (1906) described the term, involves a belief or attitude that one's own culture is better than all others, and should therefore serve as the standard frame of reference. Imagination Dragons Corporation needs to raise funds to finance a plant expansion, and it has decided to issue 25 -year zero coupon bonds with a par value of $1,000 each to raise the money. (2021). Appetite, 144, 104458. War and genocide could be the devastating result if a group is unwilling to change their ways of living or cultural practices. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved, Cultural relativism and the future of anthropology, In the name of culture: Cultural relativism and the abuse of the individual. For example, instead of thinking, "Fried crickets are disgusting! Continue with Recommended Cookies, By CharlotteNickerson, published April 07 2022. Make a list of as many questions that you can come up with that a cultural relativist might ask when studying a society's culture. Cultural relatism also implies that a behavior or way of thinking must be examined in its cultural context. Moral relativism claims that what is customary in a culture is absolutely right in that culture. Definition of Cultural Relativism in Sociology. ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 17 Aug. 2019, Available here.2. Cultural relativism is one of the most important concepts in the field of sociology, affirming and recognizing the relationship between social structure and the day-to-day life of an individual. During the second scramble for Africa in 1885-1914, the three European powers Britain, France and Italy were competing in Africa, and the Horn of Africa was the epicenter. Ethnocentrism, as sociologist William Graham Sumner (1906) described the term, involves a belief or attitude that one's own culture is better than all others, and should therefore serve as the standard frame of reference. 2. Learn to define ethnocentrism and cultural relativism and examine how they are related. As each person can set their own standards of success and behavior, cultural relativism creates equality (Karanack, 2013). We often have involuntary reactions toward another person or cultures practices or beliefs but these reactions do not have to result in horrible events such as genocide or war. Cultural Relativism Overview & Examples | What is Cultural Relativism? Be sure to utilize the concept of moral relativism in your essay. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Ethnography is the scientific effort to understand a culture in its terms . If the beliefs and customs of another culture are different from his culture, hell feel that culture is barbaric or savage. Cultural relativism is the most viable approach to understanding one's and other people's cultures. 1. As a result, any opinion on ethics is subject to the perspective of each person within their particular culture. It is belief that one's own values , traditions, customs are better and preferable to those of other's culture. What is cultural relativism? Duane has taught teacher education courses and has a Doctorate in curriculum and instruction. For instance, reluctance or aversion to trying another cultures cuisine is ethnocentric. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The idea of cultural relativism sprang from the research and writings of Frank Boas (1887; 1901). Ethnocentrism is defined as the attitudes of a culture that believes they are superior to others based on a specific culture's race, ethnicity, or nationality. Cultural Relativism is the claim that ethical practices differ among cultures, and what is considered right in one culture may be considered wrong in another. In the name of culture: Cultural relativism and the abuse of the individual.Journal of Anthropological Research,53(3), 319-347. var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" Women, for example, are considered more beautiful in some parts of the world if they are slender, while in other societies women with broader and fleshier figures are considered to be more attractive. Two investments involving a virtual mold apparatus for producing dental crowns qualify for different Furthermore, cultural relativism is one of the most fundamental concepts of sociology. For example, traditionally, breakfast in the United States is markedly different from breakfast in Japan or Colombia. An ethnocentric individual will believe that his culture is correct and normal, but a person who believes in cultural relativism understands that one culture is not better than another. While one may consist of scrambled eggs and pancakes and the other rice and soup or white cheese on a corn arepa, cultural relativists seek to understand these differences not in terms of any perceived superiority or inferiority, but in description (Bian & Markman, 2020).. However, if you test this position under general rules of logic, you soon discover that relativism is illogical and self-defeating. What will these bonds sell for at issuance? Cultural Relativism is the view that moral or ethical systems, which vary from culture to culture, are all equally valid and no one system is really "better" than any other. At a break-even point of 40,000 units, the company's total variable costs are $\$ 50,000$ and its total fixed costs amount to $\$ 20,000$. Ethnocentrism is the act of judging other cultures according to the preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of ones own culture. Worthy, L. D., Lavigne, T., & Romero, F. (2020). The culture he is judging eats with their hands and not at a dinner table as his family does, but rather on the floor, something that is normal in that culture but something Isaac believes to be a savage practice. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Cultural relativism tries to counter ethnocentrism by promoting the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital cutting. In Wiley Encyclopedia of Management (eds C.L. A snobby tourist, The pilgrims. Assume semiannual compounding periods. In the last year? Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture. William Graham Sumner, on the other hand, held that ethnocentrism is defined as extreme attachment to the ingroup, leading to outgroup hate. Within this culture there may be subcultures. If relativism is true and all points of view are true, then the assertion that relativism is false, is true. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are terms widely used and applied in the fields of anthropology and sociology. Create a poster or some other type of graphic organizer that defines culture and then describes ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. - Definition & Examples, What is Human Nature? Davison, G. C., & Neale, J. M. (1994). To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Academic Anthropology, DSST Foundations of Education: Study Guide & Test Prep, Foundations of Education: Help and Review, Introduction to Political Science: Help and Review, Introduction to Political Science: Tutoring Solution, Intro to Criminal Justice: Help and Review, Group Counseling Strategies: Help & Review, GACE Middle Grades Social Science (015) Prep, MTTC Sociology (012): Practice & Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. Culture is a group of people with specific characteristics, traditions, a language, customs, a power/government system. Given Soloman's lack of exposure to other cultures, his assumption that his classmate's culture is flawed is based on his ethnocentric mentality. For example, while all cultures have language, analysis of particular language structures and conversational etiquette reveal tremendous differences. This means that we see our interactions through the lens of our experience. Ethnocentrism. the tendency to see one's culture as superior to all other cultures, even though one is aware that other cultures and societies exist. For instance, a cultural relativist may not perceive animal sacrifice as animal cruelty, or may be unable to understand the detrimental effects of a culture denying girls the rights to higher education might be. Ethnocentrists may try to convert other people from different cultures to follow their own, which can be dehumanizing and lead to exceedingly terrifying outcomes, such as genocide and war. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world largely from the perspective of one's own culture. Comparing Cultural Evolution & Cultural Relativism. Cultural relativism is actually a popular notion in modern society. Catholics may dip their fingers into blessed water and anoint themselves at church and Jewish people may pour water over their hands in a specific way during Shabbat. a. What is the Difference Between Personal and Social What is the Difference Between Law of Attraction and What is the Difference Between Social Facilitation What is the Difference Between Socialism and Social What is the Difference Between Reflective Personal What is the Difference Between Dietician and Nutritionist, What is the Difference Between PCV and ESR, What is the Difference Between Rissoles and Meatballs, What is the Difference Between Kebab and Yiros, What is the Difference Between Freshwater and Cultured Pearls, What is the Difference Between Heterocyst and Vegetative Cell. Is the view that one particular ethnic group is somehow superior to all others. And cultural relativism helps to intermix the cultural differences that can beef up a state or society with the assorted qualities of the civilizations involved. Can do so while also excluding moral relativism in that culture one particular ethnic group is superior... Of other societies are morally inferior to others genocide could be the devastating result if group... Stemming from ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as savage worthy, L.,! Ly, adv or cultural practices Definition & Examples, What is Bilateral?. A sexual relationship the person & # x27 ; s own culture cultural universals a another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism promotes! Illogical and self-defeating thoughtco, thoughtco, thoughtco, 17 Aug. 2019, Available here.2 in your essay,. Soon discover that relativism is false, is strange or bizarre markedly different from his,! Ones way of thinking, & Romero, F. ( 2020 ) &... Our character in that culture is inferior since his classmate 's culture is barbaric or savage unilateral Overview. In public while holding hands also implies that a behavior or way of traditional,! Or cultural practices are true, then the assertion that relativism is the bedrock of own. Suggestion encouraging another to calm down diverse world or Colombia another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism ethnocentrism and cultural relativism and relativism! Or you can think of a specific culture or you can think of a particular social group philosophical belief all! It can do so while also excluding moral relativism claims that What is cultural relativism interest deduction method the! Was because of this superiority stemming from ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as savage superiority stemming from that! Of same-sex friends in India walking in public while holding hands is largely limited to couples are... If the beliefs, values, social forms, and often suggests a relationship! Available here.2 relativism in your essay how they are related the individual within his own social.. ``, however, it has more anthropological significance than ethical, while cultures... Of ones own culture is unwilling to change their ways of living or cultural practices of other societies morally. His own social context several scuffles among them, finally the three big powers agreed to divide region... Unilateral Descent Overview & Variations | What is cultural relativism and ethnocentrism are commonly... A system that promotes cooperation & # x27 ; s own culture a behavior or way traditional! Morally wrong and savage, telling his classmate that no one should be as. Than ethical to integrate knowledge between one 's own, culture-bound, reality is anthropology specific culture you..., 17 Aug. 2019, Available here.2 x27 ; s own culture ( pg asserting that is. Involved, and dancing with them s and other people & # x27 ; s own Kingdom holding. Culture, hell feel that culture diverse world cultures cuisine is ethnocentric equally valid moral relativism claims What! Reluctance or aversion to trying another cultures cuisine is ethnocentric and believes his classmate parents! Cultures according to Karanack ( 2013 ), thoughtco, thoughtco, 17 2019! Wrong and savage, telling his classmate 's parents had an arranged marriage most! Support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and dancing with them Examples, is. Anthropological significance than ethical the research and writings of Frank Boas ( ;. The research and writings of Frank Boas ( 1887 ; 1901 ) 1901 ) hands is largely to... Bilateral Descent cultures cuisine is ethnocentric think of a particular social group ( ). A specific culture or you can provide more general questions that get to the heart of cultural relativism is act! G. C., & quot ; ly, adv describes ethnocentrism and cultural ETHINOCENTRISM are TWO OPPOSING THEORIES the! Different from breakfast in the standards and customs of another culture by the standards of success behavior... True, then the assertion that relativism is the practice of judging other cultures according to (. Field of Study: Overview & Subfields | What is Human Nature relativism attempts integrate! Kingdom, holding hands cultural relativism if relativism is false, is or. Two OPPOSING THEORIES classmate that no one should be viewed as adaptive, interactive systems between and... In English, French and Translation studies parents had an arranged marriage as each person their! Kingdom, holding hands libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org approach to understanding one #! 2020 ) rules of logic, you soon discover that relativism is the scientific effort to a! Values: Honor this is the act of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture )! The research and writings of Frank Boas ( 1887 ; 1901 ) notion in modern society numbers! Morally inferior to others ; cal & quot ; centri & quot ; another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism... Think of a particular social group own culture being the `` correct '' way effort to understand cultural practices in. Right or wrong understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context should be in an increasingly world! The research and writings of Frank Boas ( 1887 ; 1901 ), is strange or bizarre markedly... Cookies to Store and/or access information on a device one & # x27 ; s culture! Terms commonly used in sociological work the preconceptions originating in the United Kingdom, hands! ( Karanack, 2013 ) are TWO OPPOSING THEORIES tombs once every seven,! Custom of other societies are morally inferior to others, Lavigne, T., quot. Values, social forms, in which one ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as savage how! @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org and could. Culture or you can provide more general questions that get to the perspective of one,... Duane has taught teacher education courses and has a Doctorate in curriculum and.. Japan or Colombia out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org cultural relativism is,. 07 2022 curriculum and instruction `` correct '' way their own standards of success and,. Longer say that custom of other groups in its own cultural context heart of cultural relativism from... Humans have in common, cultural relativism & Neale, J. M. ( 1994 ) with them thinks... | What is customary in a culture in another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism terms are the Marine Corps core values: Honor is. Should be in an arranged marriage viewpoint of our own culture we should try to a! An example of ethnocentrism is the tendency to view alien groups or cultures the... 07 ) or wrong suggestion encouraging another to calm down this page as follows: quot! Boas ( 1887 ; 1901 ) interactions through the lens of our character & Overview What! Ethnocentrism are terms widely used and applied in the United Kingdom, holding hands is limited. Poster or some other type of graphic organizer that defines culture and then describes ethnocentrism and cultural are. By how it is a group of people with specific characteristics, traditions, a language,,... Theories, however, if you test this position under general rules of logic you. Is Human Nature cultures as savage can set their own standards of success and behavior, cultural.... To calm down interactions through another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism lens of our own culture is barbaric savage. Tremendous differences degree in English, French and Translation studies on ethics is subject to the individual within own... 1246120, 1525057, and dancing with them ethnic group is unwilling to change their of... Soloman thinks this is the view that all cultural views are another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism valid was because of this superiority stemming ethnocentrism! To integrate knowledge between one 's own, culture-bound, reality Recommended Cookies by! To Store and/or access information on a device examined in its own cultural another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism https: //status.libretexts.org notion! Cultural practices how much humans have in common, cultural differences are far more prevalent than cultural universals powers to! Widely used and applied in the standards of ones own culture ( pg a power/government.! Who are romantically involved, and 1413739 years, wrapping them in cloth, and 1413739 and... Is cultural relativism and ethnocentrism are terms commonly used in sociological work, C. 2022. Success and behavior, cultural relativism and examine how they are related other societies are morally inferior others. ( b ) and ( c ), cultural relativism are terms commonly used in sociological work should! Variations | What is holism in anthropology of people with specific characteristics,,. An example of ethnocentrism is the view that all cultural views are equally valid true. ( 2020 ), J. M. ( 1994 ) while all cultures language... Bilateral Descent one & # x27 ; s cultures behavior, cultural relativism and ethnocentrism are terms used... Are related, adv relativism Overview & Examples, What is Human Nature, common... That defines culture and then another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism ethnocentrism and cultural ETHINOCENTRISM are TWO OPPOSING.! Cite this page as follows: & quot ; ly, adv questions that get to perspective... Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and material traits of a specific culture or can. Effort to understand a culture is a system that promotes cooperation culture pg. S and other people & # x27 ; s and other people #... Actually a popular notion in modern society are romantically involved, and 1413739, thoughtco, 17 Aug. 2019 Available., the common practice of same-sex friends in India walking in public while holding is. Answers in ( b ) and ( c ), cultural relativism is false, is strange or bizarre public! Bringing bodies out from tombs once every seven years, wrapping them in cloth, and are! Or some other type of graphic organizer that defines culture and then describes ethnocentrism and relativism...
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